RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST BIODIVERSITY
BACK TO THE FUTURE...
Image 1. Salt marshes at Langebaan.
Image 3. Sphagnum peat moss.
Reconstruction of past biodiversity is a vast subject with many facets. Most people if asked about how past ecosystems and organisms are reconstructed, will think of fossils as the most prominent examples. Maybe fossils are the most prominent…in our sequacious understanding, but lets take a closer look at the concept and delve into some rather surprising discoveries.
The fossil record is known to have both a biotic and an abiotic signature (Benton 2003), which basically means that the fossil record consists of both the parts that made up the living aspect, and those inert parts including the processes involved before and during fossilisation. Benton (2003) indicates that it has been argued that the distribution of the sedimentary rocks layers is actually responsible for fossil preservation and therefore the information interpreted from fossil diversification and extinctions is only that of artefacts. So, is the reconstruction of past biodiversity based on fossils alone as accurate as we would like to believe? Maybe fossils should just be seen as a piece of an ancient puzzle that merely states “I was here…”But there is more if you take a deeper look at the rest of the puzzle.
An interesting yet somewhat difficult to interpret paper on Peatlands as scientific archives of past biodiversity by Barber (1993) introduces peat bogs as sensitive investments of history. Peat bogs support a highly specialised fauna and flora and locked within them is evidence of the local environmental history from what is known as the Holocene epoch (Scott, Oxford & Selden 2006), which is present-day to about 10 000 years ago (Wikipedia contributors). Commonly, peat bogs are best known for their preservation of pollen which fell from various trees that surrounded the areas over thousands of years, and fossils of many different kinds of invertebrates (Scott, Oxford & Selden 2006). With the knowledge of past fauna and flora, an indication of the type of climate can be made, as well as the availability of water in past environments (Scott, Oxford & Selden 2006). According to Barber (1993), the characterisation and the detection of tephra (the volcanic ash record) not only can be used as time markers because of their obvious nature in position and time, but as confirmation of specific volcanic eruptions that are often reflected as narrow growth rings of trees as a result of the dust veil produced by the eruption and its effect on sunlight reduction, reducing subsequent annual tree growth. The detection of Tephra deposits in peat bogs in Ireland has linked the decline of pine forests in Scotland 4000 years ago to eruptions from volcanoes in Iceland (Barber 1993). The research being done hopes to provide information on the extent of the past forests which once covered large portions of Ireland and Scotland, and the conservation value of the Flow Country in Northern Scotland (Barber 1993). Did you know that we have our own peatlands here in South Africa? According to Peatlands Around The World (have a look at the following webpage supplied: http://www.ipcc.ie/wptourhome1.html), South African peatlands are quite rare. Examples of two peatlands as indicated by this website are the salt marshes at Langebaan National Park (image 1), and the wetlands at the Ramsar site at Baberspan (image 2).
The fossil record is known to have both a biotic and an abiotic signature (Benton 2003), which basically means that the fossil record consists of both the parts that made up the living aspect, and those inert parts including the processes involved before and during fossilisation. Benton (2003) indicates that it has been argued that the distribution of the sedimentary rocks layers is actually responsible for fossil preservation and therefore the information interpreted from fossil diversification and extinctions is only that of artefacts. So, is the reconstruction of past biodiversity based on fossils alone as accurate as we would like to believe? Maybe fossils should just be seen as a piece of an ancient puzzle that merely states “I was here…”But there is more if you take a deeper look at the rest of the puzzle.
An interesting yet somewhat difficult to interpret paper on Peatlands as scientific archives of past biodiversity by Barber (1993) introduces peat bogs as sensitive investments of history. Peat bogs support a highly specialised fauna and flora and locked within them is evidence of the local environmental history from what is known as the Holocene epoch (Scott, Oxford & Selden 2006), which is present-day to about 10 000 years ago (Wikipedia contributors). Commonly, peat bogs are best known for their preservation of pollen which fell from various trees that surrounded the areas over thousands of years, and fossils of many different kinds of invertebrates (Scott, Oxford & Selden 2006). With the knowledge of past fauna and flora, an indication of the type of climate can be made, as well as the availability of water in past environments (Scott, Oxford & Selden 2006). According to Barber (1993), the characterisation and the detection of tephra (the volcanic ash record) not only can be used as time markers because of their obvious nature in position and time, but as confirmation of specific volcanic eruptions that are often reflected as narrow growth rings of trees as a result of the dust veil produced by the eruption and its effect on sunlight reduction, reducing subsequent annual tree growth. The detection of Tephra deposits in peat bogs in Ireland has linked the decline of pine forests in Scotland 4000 years ago to eruptions from volcanoes in Iceland (Barber 1993). The research being done hopes to provide information on the extent of the past forests which once covered large portions of Ireland and Scotland, and the conservation value of the Flow Country in Northern Scotland (Barber 1993). Did you know that we have our own peatlands here in South Africa? According to Peatlands Around The World (have a look at the following webpage supplied: http://www.ipcc.ie/wptourhome1.html), South African peatlands are quite rare. Examples of two peatlands as indicated by this website are the salt marshes at Langebaan National Park (image 1), and the wetlands at the Ramsar site at Baberspan (image 2).
Image 1. Salt marshes at Langebaan.
Image 2. Wetland, Baberpan.
Peat bogs also indicate that their present ecology is not necessarily an accurate portrayal of their ecological history (Barber 1993). The dominant species of peat moss itself is a clue to a changing biodiversity. Sphagnum imbricatum in some bogs is completely replaced by a different species S. magellanicum after the most recent glacial period, therefore indicating a change in the dependant species and indeed the change in climate and availability of water at that time (Barber 1993). A change in the most dominant species such as the Sphagnum spp. has dramatic repercussions for species which use it within the framework of their own existence.
Image 3. Sphagnum peat moss.Similar to the effects of climate on growth rings of trees is the determination of palaeo-climate by researching the changes in the environment using speleotherms (King, Williams & Salinger 2004). Speleotherms are limestone deposits which are created by calcite, forming stalactites and stalagmites. Researchers can determine changes in climate by the rate at which the rings, which make up the speleotherms, are laid down (King, Williams & Salinger 2004). This depends on the amount and rate at which rainwater enters the cave where the speleotherms are found, the acidity and amount of dissolved minerals in the rainwater, and the temperature and humidity in the cave at that time. In periods of drought, narrow rings or no rings at all are formed (King, Williams & Salinger 2004).
Image 4. Speleotherm
References:
Barber K. E. 1993. Peatlands as scientific archives of past biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 474 – 489.
Benton M. J. 2003. The quality of the fossil record. Manuscript no. TTECO4 pp.66-90.
King D., Williams P., Salinger J. 2004. Reconstructing past environmental changes using speleotherms. Water and Atmosphere 12(2): 14 – 15.
Scott. A. G., Oxford G. S., Selden P. A. 2006. Epigeic spiders as ecological indicators of conservation value for peat bogs. Biological Conservation 127: 420 – 428.
Wikipedia contributors. Holocene [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2007 Mar 1, 21:03 UTC [cited 2007 Mar 9]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocene&oldid=111911925.
Image credits:
Peatlands Around The World: http://www.ipcc.ie/wptourhome1.html accessed 9/3/07, 22:51.
Speleotherm: http://classes.yale.edu, accessed 9/3/07, 22:57
Wikipedia contributors. Sphagnum [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2007 Mar 8, 14:18 UTC [cited 2007 Mar 9]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphagnum&oldid=113574258.
Barber K. E. 1993. Peatlands as scientific archives of past biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 474 – 489.
Benton M. J. 2003. The quality of the fossil record. Manuscript no. TTECO4 pp.66-90.
King D., Williams P., Salinger J. 2004. Reconstructing past environmental changes using speleotherms. Water and Atmosphere 12(2): 14 – 15.
Scott. A. G., Oxford G. S., Selden P. A. 2006. Epigeic spiders as ecological indicators of conservation value for peat bogs. Biological Conservation 127: 420 – 428.
Wikipedia contributors. Holocene [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2007 Mar 1, 21:03 UTC [cited 2007 Mar 9]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocene&oldid=111911925.
Image credits:
Peatlands Around The World: http://www.ipcc.ie/wptourhome1.html accessed 9/3/07, 22:51.
Speleotherm: http://classes.yale.edu, accessed 9/3/07, 22:57
Wikipedia contributors. Sphagnum [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2007 Mar 8, 14:18 UTC [cited 2007 Mar 9]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphagnum&oldid=113574258.
David Vaughan
Senior aquarist, Quarantine
Two Oceans Aquarium
Cape Town, South Africa
+27 21 418 38 23
dvaughan@aquarium.co.za
posted by davidvaughan at
Friday, March 09, 2007
6 Comments:
Hi David
Really enjoyed your posting, you raise some valid issues about aging of fossils using sedimentary rocks. I liked your connection between past organisms and inferring climate change. I think you should possibly do the climate change course sometime. Keep the good work up.
By
Rich Knight, at March 12, 2007 5:10 PM
Hi Richard
Thanks for your comments. I am extremely interested in the overwhelming effects of climate change on biodiversity. It is as though climate is the catalyst for evolutionary direction. Maybe a combination of biodiversity and climate change modules in future could encompass the interconnectedness of both?
Cheers
David
By
davidvaughan, at March 13, 2007 8:12 AM
Dear David,
I find your contribution both interesting and well-researched. I would like to respond to your proposition of "Maybe fossils should just be seen as a piece of an ancient puzzle that merely states “I was here…”.
From the readings I have gathered for my blog contribution (to be released soon!)it is clear that fossils provide us with much insight into past biodiversity and should not be underestimated. I will use the example of amber fossils which informs us about past taxonomy, captures behavioural adaptations, and also stimulates enquiry into the possibilty of extracting viable ancient DNA (see www.iob.org/downloads/1153.pdf).
It would therefore be interesting to compare the merits and shortcomings of biotic and abiotic fossil records.
By
Dane, at March 13, 2007 8:42 AM
I am not sure David was saying that fossils are not important, but their age using the substrate matrix poses real problems. The uniqueness of each foosil should be judged on an individual basis. The fossil Ichthysaur giving birth to live young and the teeth structure of the mammals certainly provide more than postcards from the past. You mention amber - this is really a very special type of fossil - the material is so intact that some labs even claim to be able to extract its DNA. Scientific concensus suggest this claim to be inflated.
By
Rich Knight, at March 13, 2007 9:17 AM
Hi David
As we get to understanding Climate Climate so the implications to other sciences from Biology to Social Work become impacted. It is the catlyst that has driven evolution and its understanding will give our society the ability to engineer a sustainable environment for future generations to occupy.
By
Rich Knight, at March 13, 2007 9:21 AM
Hi Richard and Dane
Dane, I was referring to substrata as Richard pointed out. I look forward to reading your post. Have they ever discovered any parasitic organisms on those fossils trapped in amber? That would be something...
Richard, the only problem with society in its understanding and involvement in engineering a sustainable environment for future generations, is greed. This goes back to our discussion last year we had on corporations. Until society changes the way they perceive environmental issues and make noticeable changes, nothing will happen.
The more I think about it, the more Gwen's introduction to Deep ecology makes sense...
Cheers
David
By
davidvaughan, at March 13, 2007 11:05 AM
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